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A novel method for remotely detecting trace explosives

Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, December 2008, pp. 27-40.

Summary

The development of a technique with the ability to detect trace quantities of explosives at a distance is of critical importance. In numerous situations when explosive devices are prepared, transported, or otherwise handled, quantifiable amounts of the explosive material end up on surfaces. Rapid detection of these chemical residues in a noninvasive standoff manner would serve as an indicator for attempts at concealed assembly or transport of explosive materials and devices. We are investigating the use of a fluorescence-based technique to achieve the necessary detection sensitivity.
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Summary

The development of a technique with the ability to detect trace quantities of explosives at a distance is of critical importance. In numerous situations when explosive devices are prepared, transported, or otherwise handled, quantifiable amounts of the explosive material end up on surfaces. Rapid detection of these chemical residues in...

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Beam combining of ytterbium fiber amplifiers (invited)

Published in:
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 24, No. 8, August 2007, pp. 1707-1715.

Summary

Fiber lasers are well suited to scaling to high average power using beam-combining techniques. For coherent combining, optical phase-noise characterization of a ytterbium fiber amplifier is required to perform a critical evaluation of various approaches to coherent combining. For wavelength beam combining, we demonstrate good beam quality from the combination of three fiber amplifiers, and we discuss system scaling and design trades between laser linewidth, beam width, grating dispersion, and beam quality.
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Summary

Fiber lasers are well suited to scaling to high average power using beam-combining techniques. For coherent combining, optical phase-noise characterization of a ytterbium fiber amplifier is required to perform a critical evaluation of various approaches to coherent combining. For wavelength beam combining, we demonstrate good beam quality from the combination...

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Measurement of aerosol-particle trajectories using a structured laser beam

Summary

What is believed to be a new concept for the measurement of micrometer-sized particle trajectories in an inlet air stream is introduced. The technique uses a light source and a mask to generate a spatial pattern of light within a volume in space. Particles traverse the illumination volume and elastically scatter light to a photodetector where the signal is recorded in time. The detected scattering waveform is decoded to find the particle trajectory. A design is presented for the structured laser beam, and the accuracy of the technique in determining particle position is demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that the structured laser beam can be used to measure and then correct for the spatially dependent instrument-response function of an optical-scattering-based particle-sizing system for aerosols.
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Summary

What is believed to be a new concept for the measurement of micrometer-sized particle trajectories in an inlet air stream is introduced. The technique uses a light source and a mask to generate a spatial pattern of light within a volume in space. Particles traverse the illumination volume and elastically...

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Cryogenic YB3+-doped solid-state lasers

Published in:
IEEE J. Sel. Topics in Quantum Electron., Vol. 13, No. 3, May/June 2007, pp. 448-459.

Summary

Cryogenically cooled solid-state lasers promise a revolution in power scalability while maintaining a good beam quality because of significant improvements in efficiency and thermo-optic properties. This is particularly true forYb3+ lasers because of their relatively lowquantum defect and relatively broadband absorption even at cryogenic temperatures. Thermo-optic properties of host materials, including thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and refractive index at low temperature, are reviewed and data presented for YAG (ceramic and single crystal), GGG, GdVO4, and Y2O3. Spectroscopic properties of Yb:YAG and Yb:LiYF4 (YLF) including absorption cross sections, emission cross sections, and fluorescence lifetimes at cryogenic temperatures are characterized. Recent experiments have pushed the power from an end-pumped cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG laser to 455-W continuous-wave output power from 640-W incident pump power at anM2 of 1.4.
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Summary

Cryogenically cooled solid-state lasers promise a revolution in power scalability while maintaining a good beam quality because of significant improvements in efficiency and thermo-optic properties. This is particularly true forYb3+ lasers because of their relatively lowquantum defect and relatively broadband absorption even at cryogenic temperatures. Thermo-optic properties of host materials...

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High-power, slab-coupled optical waveguide laser array packaging for beam combining

Published in:
SPIE Vol. 6478, Photonics Packaging, Integration, and Interconnects VII, 23-25 January 2007, pp. 647806-1 - 647806-12.

Summary

Linear arrays of slab coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWL) are ideal sources for beam combining of array elements using techniques such as wavelength beam combining (WBC) and possibly coherent beam combining (CBC). SCOWL array elements have very high brightness, low divergence nearly diffraction limited output beams. Arrays of up to 1.2 cm in width containing as many as 240 elements have been demonstrated. In this presentation, the packaging techniques developed to ensure proper performance of SCOWL arrays will be described, with particular emphasis on the application to beam combining. A commercial high performance micro impingement cooler (MIC) was used to provide thermal management for these arrays. Based on performance data for this cooler, a numerical thermal model was constructed and used to investigate the thermal performance for several packaging schemes. In order to promote uniform optical performance of SCOWL array elements, assembly procedures, which included fluxless soldering using In and AuSn solder alloys, along with the use of thermal expansion matching materials were investigated. These techniques resulted in minimal contraction ([approx] 2 um) and smile ([approx]1 um) of the laser bar during the packaging procedure. Precise control of these parameters is required in order to minimize any detrimental impact on the resultant WBC beam quality. CBC of SCOWL arrays requires phase control of the array elements. Array packaging providing for individual electrical addressability of the array elements has been developed and demonstrated, allowing for phase control by current adjustment.
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Summary

Linear arrays of slab coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWL) are ideal sources for beam combining of array elements using techniques such as wavelength beam combining (WBC) and possibly coherent beam combining (CBC). SCOWL array elements have very high brightness, low divergence nearly diffraction limited output beams. Arrays of up to...

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Coherent beam combining of large number of PM fibres in 2-D fibre array

Published in:
Electron. Lett., Vol. 42, No. 18, 31 August 2006, pp. 17-18.

Summary

Coherent combining of a record 48 PM fibres in a phased array configuration is reported. The resulting Strehl ratio degrades by
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Summary

Coherent combining of a record 48 PM fibres in a phased array configuration is reported. The resulting Strehl ratio degrades by

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250 mW, 1.5 um monolithic passively mode-locked slab-coupled optical waveguide laser

Published in:
Opt. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 2, January 15, 2006, pp. 223-225.

Summary

We report the demonstration of a 1.5 um InGaAsP mode-locked slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) producing 10 ps pulses with energies of 58 pJ and average output powers of 250 mW at a repetition rate of 4.29 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first passively mode-locked slab-coupled optical waveguide laser. The large mode and low confinement factor of the SCOWL architecture allows the realization of monolithic mode-locked lasers with high output power and pulse energy. The laser output is nearly diffraction limited with M2 values less than 1.2 in both directions.
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Summary

We report the demonstration of a 1.5 um InGaAsP mode-locked slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) producing 10 ps pulses with energies of 58 pJ and average output powers of 250 mW at a repetition rate of 4.29 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first passively mode-locked...

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Laser beam combining for high-power, high-radiance sources

Author:
Published in:
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., Vol. 11, No. 3, May/June 2005, pp. 567-577.

Summary

Beam combining of laser arrays with high efficiency and good beam quality for power and radiance (brightness) scaling is a long-standing problem in laser technology. Recently, significant progress has been made usingwavelength (spectral) techniques and coherent (phased array) techniques, which has led to the demonstration of beam combining of a large semiconductor diode laser array (100 array elements) with near-diffraction-limited output (M2 ~ 1.3) at significant power (35 W). This paper provides an overview of progress in beam combining and highlights some of the tradeoffs among beam-combining techniques.
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Summary

Beam combining of laser arrays with high efficiency and good beam quality for power and radiance (brightness) scaling is a long-standing problem in laser technology. Recently, significant progress has been made usingwavelength (spectral) techniques and coherent (phased array) techniques, which has led to the demonstration of beam combining of a...

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Compact solid-state sources and their applications

Published in:
SPIE Vol. 5620, Solid State Laser Technologies and Femtosecond Phenomena, 25-28 October 2004, pp. 155-169.

Summary

Coherent solid-state optical sources based on Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG passively Q-switched microchip lasers cover the spectral range from 5000 to 200 nm, producing multikilohertz pulse trains with pulse durations as short as 100 ps and peak powers up to 1 MW. The wavelength diversity is achieved through harmonic conversion, parametric conversion, Raman conversion, and microchip-laser-pumped miniature gain-switched lasers. In all cases, the optical heads have been packaged in a volume of less than 0.5 liters. These compact, robust devices have the proven capability to take what were complicated laser-based experiments out of the laboratory and into the field, enabling applications in diverse areas. The short pulses are useful for high-precision ranging using time-of-flight techniques, with applications in 3-dimensional imaging, target identification, and robotics. The short pulse durations and ideal mode properties are also useful for material characterization. The high peak powers can be focused to photoablate material, with applications in laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy and micromachining. Ultraviolet systems have been used to perform fluorescence spectroscopy for applications including environmental monitoring and the detection of biological aerosols. Systems based on passively Q-switched microchip lasers, like the lasers themselves, are small, robust, and potentially low cost, making them ideally suited for field applications.
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Summary

Coherent solid-state optical sources based on Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG passively Q-switched microchip lasers cover the spectral range from 5000 to 200 nm, producing multikilohertz pulse trains with pulse durations as short as 100 ps and peak powers up to 1 MW. The wavelength diversity is achieved through harmonic conversion, parametric conversion, Raman...

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Spectral beam combining of a broad-stripe diode laser array in an external cavity

Published in:
Opt. Lett., Vol. 25, No. 6, 15 March 2000, pp. 405-407.

Summary

The outputs from an 11-element, linear diode laser array with broad stripes have been beam combined into a single beam with a beam quality of ~20X diffraction limited in the plane of the junction. This beam combining was achieved by use of a common external cavity containing a grating, which simultaneously forces each array element to operate at a different, but controlled, wavelength and forces the beams from all the elements to overlap and propagate in the same direction. The power in the combined beam was 50% of the output from the bare laser array.
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Summary

The outputs from an 11-element, linear diode laser array with broad stripes have been beam combined into a single beam with a beam quality of ~20X diffraction limited in the plane of the junction. This beam combining was achieved by use of a common external cavity containing a grating, which...

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